Publications
Now showing items 1281-1360 of 1372
Thalamic Function - Beyond a Simple Relay
(2016)
The thalamus is often described as a relay. Typified by sensory pathways, this concept leads to thalamic nuclei being viewed as areas that passively streams information from a single source to the cortex, without affecting ...
Unmet Needs in Dystonia
(2017)
This Research Topic contains proceedings of the final conference for COST Action BM1101 “Network of dystonia syndromes”. The topic highlights consolidated knowledge and unmet needs in a field that is evolving very fast. ...
Using Substances to Enhance Performance: A Psychology of Neuroenhancement
(2017)
Neuroenhancement (NE) is a behavior conceptualized as the use of a potentially psychoactive substance to enhance ones’ already proficient cognitive capacities. Depending on the specific definitions used, prevalence estimates ...
Variability and Individual Differences in Early Social Perception and Social Cognition
(2016)
Over the past three decades mounting evidence has suggested that infants’ social perceptual and social cognitive abilities are considerably richer than was once thought. By the end of the second year of life, infants ...
The Variable Mind? How Apparently Inconsistent Effects Might Inform Model Building
(2016)
Model building is typically based on the identification of a set of established facts in any given field of research, insofar as the model is then evaluated on how well it accounts for these facts. Psychology – and ...
The unfolded protein response in virus infections
(2015)
Unfolded protein response (UPR) is a cellular adaptive response for restoring endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis in response to ER stress. Perturbation of the UPR and failure to restore ER homeostasis inevitably leads ...
Use of Saliva in Diagnosis of Periodontitis: Cumulative Use of Bacterial and Host-Derived Biomarkers
(2017)
Periodontitis is an infection-induced inflammatory disease of the tooth supporting tissues. Treatment of periodontal diseases and regeneration of the effected tissues can be possible only in the early diagnosis of the ...
The Temporal Dynamics of Cognitive Processing
(2016)
From our ability to attend to many stimuli occurring in rapid succession to the transformation of memories during a night of sleep, cognition occurs over widely varying time scales spanning milliseconds to days and beyond. ...
Ways to improve tumor uptake and penetration of drugs into solid tumors
(2014)
The main scope of this topic is to give an update on pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic approaches to enhance uptake and penetration of cancer drugs into tumors. Inadequate accumulation of drugs in tumors has emerged over ...
When Chemistry Meets Biology - Generating Innovative Concepts, Methods and Tools for Scientific Discovery in the Plant Sciences
(2016)
Biologically active small molecules have increasingly been applied in plant biology to dissect and understand biological systems. This is evident from the frequent use of potent and selective inhibitors of enzymes or other ...
When (and How) Is Theory of Mind Useful? Evidence from Life-Span Research
(2017)
Theory of Mind (ToM) or mentalization is the ability to understand and foresee the behavior referring to one’s own and others’ mental states (Premack & Woodruff, 1978; Wimmer & Perner, 1983). This capacity, which is ...
Viruses threatening stable production of cereal crops
(2015)
Cereal crops such as maize, wheat, and rice account for a majority of biomass produced globally in agriculture. Continuous economic and population growth especially in developing countries accompanied more intensive ...
Virus Ecology and Disturbances: Impact of Environmental Disruption on the Viruses of Microorganisms
(2015)
Viruses infect numerous microorganisms including, predominantly, Bacteria (bacteriophages or phages) but also Archaea, Protists, and Fungi. They are the most abundant and ubiquitous biological entities on Earth and are ...
Virus Discovery by Metagenomics: The (Im)possibilities
(2017)
Since the late 1800s, the discovery of new viruses was a gradual process. Viruses were described one by one using a suite of techniques such as (electron) microscopy and viral culture. Investigators were usually interested ...
Tertiary Lymphoid Organs (TLOs): Powerhouses of Disease Immunity
(2017)
The immune system employs TLOs to elicit highly localized and forceful responses to unresolvable peripheral tissue inflammation. Current data indicate that TLOs are protective but they may also lead to collateral tissue ...
Unraveling Neuroprotective and Neurodegenerative Signals in Neurodegeneration
(2016)
Proteinopathy is a collective term used to classified neurodegenerative diseases associated with the progressive accumulation of toxic protein molecules in specific brain regions. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a well-known ...
Update on the Treatment of Metastatic Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) in New Era of Personalised Medicine
(2018)
Lung Cancer remains a major cause of death in of both women and men in our society. Lung cancer treatment paradigms have changed enormously as we’ve started to understand the genetic complexity and the multiple driver ...
Update on Oesophageal Atresia-Tracheoesophageal Fistula
(2017)
Oesophageal atresia-tracheoesophageal fistula (OA-TOF) is a congenital digestive malformation. With improvements in surgical techniques and perioperative care, survival rates now exceed 90% and OA-TOF is no more just a ...
Using neurophysiological signals that reflect cognitive or affective state
(2015)
What can we learn from spontaneously occurring brain and other physiological signals about an individual’s cognitive and affective state and how can we make use of this information? One line of research that is actively ...
Using Noise to Characterize Vision
(2016)
Noise has been widely used to investigate the processing properties of various visual functions (e.g. detection, discrimination, attention, perceptual learning, averaging, crowding, face recognition), in various populations ...
Using Stress-Based Animal Models to Understand the Mechanisms Underlying Psychiatric and Somatic Disorders
(2017)
Chronic or repeated stress, particularly psychosocial stress, is an acknowledged risk factor for numerous affective and somatic disorders in modern societies. Thus, there is substantial evidence showing that chronic stress ...
Using Paleolimnology for Lake Restoration and Management
(2017)
This e-book presents state-of-the-art research projects and opinions on using paleolimnology for lake restoration and managment. It illustrates the general idea that proposing adequate restoration and managment solutions ...
Telemedicine in Low-Resource Settings
(2015)
Telemedicine networks to support healthcare workers in resource-limited settings (often for humanitarian purposes) have evolved over the last decade or so in a largely autonomous way. Communication between them has been ...
Wet and Dry Periods in Regions Surrounding the Atlantic Ocean Basin
(2016)
The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's oceanic divisions. It is bounded by the continents of America, Europe and Africa and at its polewards margins by the Arctic and the Southern Oceans. Different climatic ...
Why Have Cortical Layers? What Is the Function of Layering? Do Neurons in Cortex Integrate Information Across Different Layers?
(2018)
This research topic was suggested by Robert Sachdev to bring together a series of articles dealing with the laminar organization of the neocortex. By convention, there are six cortical layers but this number may vary ...
Why and how is the self related to the brain midline regions?
(2014)
What the self is and where it comes from has been one of the great problems of philosophy for thousands of years. As science and medicine have progressed this question has moved to also become a central one in psychology, ...
Visual Dysfunction in Schizophrenia: A View into the Mechanisms of Madness?
(2015)
Research on visual perception in schizophrenia has a long history. However, it is only recently that it has been included in mainstream efforts to understand the cognitive neuroscience of the disorder and to assist with ...
Visual Mismatch Negativity (vMMN) a Prediction Error Signal in the Visual Modality
(2015)
Current theories of visual change detection emphasize the importance of conscious attention to detect unexpected changes in the visual environment. However, an increasing body of studies shows that the human brain is capable ...
Visual perception and visual cognition in healthy and pathological ageing
(2014)
Our understanding of visual perception and visual cognition has advanced considerably over the last decades. The effects of ageing on visual perception and visual cognition are less well understood. This Research Topic ...
Value and Reward Based Learning in Neurobots
(2015)
Organisms are equipped with value systems that signal the salience of environmental cues to their nervous system, causing a change in the nervous system that results in modification of their behavior. These systems are ...
Wheeled Mobility Biomechanics
(2016)
For the manual wheelchair (MWC) user, loss of lower extremity function often places the burden for mobility and activities of daily living on the upper extremities. This e-book on Wheeled Mobility Biomechanics contains ...
Video Games as Tools to Achieve Insight into Cognitive Processes
(2015)
Though traditionally designed for entertainment, video games are being used more and more by psychologists to understand topics such as skill acquisition, cognitive capacity and plasticity, aging, individual differences, ...
The Vascular Niche in Tissue Repair: A Therapeutic Target for Regeneration
(2018)
Tissues and organs have, although sometimes limited, the capacity for endogenous repair, which is aimed to re-establish integrity and homeostasis. Tissue repair involves pro- and anti-inflammatory processes, new tissue ...
Vascular Inflammation in Systemic Autoimmunity
(2017)
Plasticity and dynamism characterize the immune system as a tissue-integrating network with defensive functions. Blood and lymphatic vessel trees constitute the most evident and intuitive physical platform for the development ...
What Is the Role for Effective Pedagogy In Contemporary Higher Education?
(2018)
The number of students entering into Higher Education (HE) continues to grow and as such the sector now stands at the threshold of a major shift in its philosophy. No longer does the academic prerogative belong to a ...
What makes written words so special to the brain
(2015)
Reading is an integral part of life in today's information-driven societies. Since the pioneering work of Dejerine on "word blindness" in brain-lesioned patients, the literature has increased exponentially, from ...
What levels of explanation in the behavioural sciences?
(2015)
Complex systems are to be seen as typically having multiple levels of organization. For instance, in the behavioural and cognitive sciences, there has been a long lasting trend, promoted by the seminal work of David Marr, ...
The Vestibular System in Cognitive and Memory Processes in Mammals
(2016)
Since the beginning of life, all plant and animal kingdoms have been developed or modified based on gravity along with atmospheric composition and solar radiation existing on Earth. Gravity is mainly encoded by the otolithic ...
Vestibular Contributions to Health and Disease
(2018)
This eBook reviews recent developments in vestibular physiology and pathophysiology and covers a range of topics, including diagnostic tests, treatment approaches, central and peripheral vestibular mechanisms, and ...
Viral Interactions with the Nucleus
(2017)
Viruses cause numerous medically important diseases, affecting developing, developed, rich and poor alike. The diseases vary in severity, including chickenpox, smallpox, influenza, shingles, herpes, rabies, polio, Ebola, ...
Versatile roles of organelle outer membranes in intracellular communication
(2015)
This topic covers emerging knowledge about the properties and functions of the outer membranes of chloroplasts and mitochondria. These outer membranes house various processes necessary for efficient communication and thus ...
What we learn and when we learn it: sensitive periods in development
(2014)
The impact of training or experience is not the same at all points in development. Children who receive music lessons, or learn a second language before age 7-8 are more proficient as adults. Early exposure to drugs or ...
Vision in Cephalopods
(2018)
Cephalopods usually have large and mobile eyes with which they constantly scan their environment. The eyes of cephalopods are single-chamber eyes which show resemblance to vertebrate eyes. However there are marked differences ...
The world according to zebrafish: How neural circuits generate behaviour
(2014)
Understanding how the brain functions is one of the most ambitious current scientific goals. This challenge will only be accomplish by a multidisciplinary approach involving genetics, molecular biology, optics, ethology, ...
The Vasopressin System and Behavior
(2018)
Vasopressin and its homologues are evolutionarily ancient neuropeptides that are important to the neural modulation of behavior in many species. Over the last several decades there has been an emergence of cross-species ...
What Determines Social Behavior? Investigating the Role of Emotions, Self-Centered Motives, and Social Norms
(2016)
Human behavior and decision making is subject to social and motivational influences such as emotions, norms and self/other regarding preferences. The identification of the neural and psychological mechanisms underlying ...
What can we make of theories of embodiment and the role of the human mirror neuron system?
(2016)
In recent years, work surrounding theories of embodiment and the role of the putative mirror neuron system (MNS) in humans has gained considerable attention. If humans have developed a net-work of neurons that fire in ...
What can simple brains teach us about how vision works
(2015)
Vision is the process of extracting behaviorally-relevant information from patterns of light that fall on retina as the eyes sample the outside world. Traditionally, nonhuman primates (macaque monkeys, in particular) have ...
What can neuroscience learn from contemplative practices?
(2016)
A recent wave of brain research has advanced our understanding of the neural mechanisms of conscious states, contents and functions. A host of questions remain to be explored, as shown by lively debates between models of ...
Vibrio ecology, pathogenesis and evolution
(2014)
Vibrios are Gram-negative bacilli that occur naturally in marine, estuarine, and freshwater systems. Some species include human and animal pathogens capable of causing gastroenteritis, wound infections, cholera, and fatal ...
Virtual Plants: Modeling Plant Architecture in Changing Environments
(2017)
Plant architecture is a major determinant of the resource use efficiency of crops. The architecture of a plant shows ontogenetic structural changes which are modified by multiple environmental factors: Plant canopies are ...
Vaccination Against Mycobacterial Diseases in Animals
(2015)
The two most prominent mycobacterial diseases in animals include bovine tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium bovis and Johne’s disease, caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Erradication of both ...
Vaccines, Immunotherapy and New Antifungal Therapy Against Fungi: Updates in the New Frontier
(2017)
Invasive fungal diseases have increased many fold over the past 50 years. Current treatment regimens typically require prolonged administration of antifungal medications that can have significant toxicity. Moreover, our ...
The ventricular-subventricular zone: a source of oligodendrocytes in the adult brain
(2014)
Demyelinating diseases are characterized by an extensive loss of oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths from axolemma, which commonly result in disability in young adults. To date, there is no effective treatment against these ...
Ventricular Mechanics in Congenital Heart Disease
(2017)
Looking at "Horse in Motion", the iconic photograph by E. Muybridge, it is almost possible to hear the horse galloping. The pounding sound of the hoofs hitting the ground -like a drum- can also echo the rythmic beating of ...
Why vaccines to HIV, HCV and Malaria have so far failed - Challenges to developing vaccines against immunoregulating pathogens
(2016)
Despite continuous progress in the development of anti-viral and anti-bacterial/parasite drugs, the high cost of medicines and the potential for re-infection, especially in high risk groups, suggest that protective vaccines ...
Veterinary Bacterial Zoonoses
(2018)
Humans, animals and microorganisms all share the same planet, the last playing critical roles in the cycling of nitrogen and sulfur in nature and the degradation of organic materials. Unfortunately, micro-organismal ...
Zika Virus: What Have We Learnt Since the Start of the Recent Epidemic?
(2018)
The considerable number of viral infectious disease threats that have emerged since the beginning of the 21st century have shown the need to dispose global and coordinated responses to fight properly and efficiently against ...
Turn-Taking in Human Communicative Interaction
(2016)
The core use of language is in face-to-face conversation. This is characterized by rapid turn-taking. This turn-taking poses a number central puzzles for the psychology of language. Consider, for example, that in large ...
Actinobacteria in Special and Extreme Habitats: Diversity; Function Roles and Environmental Adaptations
(2016)
Actinobacteria are highly diverse prokaryotes that are ubiquitous in soil, freshwater and marine ecosystems. Although various studies have focused on the ecology of this phylum, data are still scant on the diversity, ...
ACTH Action in the Adrenal Cortex: From Molecular Biology to Pathophysiology
(2017)
By stimulating adrenal gland and corticosteroid synthesis, the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) plays a central role in response to stress. In this Research Topic, a particular attention has been given to the recent ...
Active Aging and Disease Management
(2019)
Population aging and the associated burden of chronic diseases are one of the main challenges in public health worldwide. This Research Topic on "Active Aging and Disease Management" provides a comprehensive overview of ...
Active Touch Sensing
(2014)
Active touch can be described as the control of the position and movement of tactile sensing systems to facilitate information gain. In other words, it is finding out about the world by reaching out and exploring - sensing ...
Adaptive Function and Brain Evolution
(2014)
The brain of each animal shows specific traits that reflect its phylogenetic history and its particular lifestyle. Therefore, comparing brains is not just a mere intellectual exercise, but it helps understanding how the ...
Adaptive Hot Cognition: How Emotion Drives Information Processing and Cognition Steers Affective Processing
(2017)
Influential theories have argued that affective processing is fundamentally different from cognitive processing. Others have suggested that theoretical boundaries between affective and cognitive processing are artificial ...
All 3 Types of Glial Cells Are Important for Memory Formation
(2016)
The vertebrate brain contains neurons and 3 classical types of glia cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia. Astrocytes and microglia have mainly been studied in gray matter, whereas oligodendrocytes myelinate ...
Allorecognition by Leukocytes of the Adaptive Immune System
(2018)
The term allorecognition refers to the series of mechanisms used by an individual’s immune system to distinguish its own cells and tissues from those of another individual belonging to the same species. During evolution, ...
Advanced Neuroimaging Methods for Studying Autism Disorder
(2017)
In the last twenty years, many attempts have been made to provide neurobiological models of autism. Functional, structural and connectivity analyses have highlighted reduced responses in key social areas, such as amygdala, ...
Advancements in Biomass Recalcitrance: The Use of Lignin for the Production of Fuels and Chemicals
(2019)
Lignocellulosic biomass has great potentials as an alternative feedstock for fuels and chemicals. For effective utilization of biomass, biomass recalcitrance, which is inherent resistance of plant cell walls to biological ...
Advances and Trends in Development of Plant Factories
(2017)
The plant factory is a facility that aids the steady production of high-quality vegetables all year round by artificially controlling the cultivation environment (e.g., light, temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide ...
"One rotten apple spoils the whole barrel": The plant hormone ethylene, the small molecule and its complexity
(2015)
The gaseous molecule ethylene (C2H4), which is small in size and simple in structure, is a plant hormone most often associated with fruit ripening yet has a diversity of effects throughout the plant life cycle. While its ...
Alterations of Epigenetics and MicroRNAs in Cancer and Cancer Stem Cell
(2014)
Studies have shown that alterations of epigenetics and microRNAs (miRNAs) play critical roles in the initiation and progression of human cancer. Epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes in cancer cells is generally ...
Alternative Models of Addiction
(2015)
For much of the 20th century, theories of addictive behaviour and motivation were polarized between two models. The first model viewed addiction as a moral failure for which addicts are rightly held responsible and judged ...
Alternatives to Antimicrobial Growth Promoters and Their Impact in Gut Microbiota, Health and Disease
(2017)
In the context of disease pathogenesis, it has been observed that after inadequate administration of antibiotics, animals become more susceptible to intestinal colonization and organ invasion by enteropathogens, these could ...
Alzheimer's Disease and the Fornix
(2016)
This e-book focuses primarily on the role of the fornix as a functional, prognostic, and diagnostic marker of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and the application of such a marker in clinical practice. Researchers have long been ...
Amino Acids of the Glutamate Family: Functions beyond Primary Metabolism
(2016)
The life of proteins starts and ends as amino acids. In addition to the primary function as protein building blocks, amino acids serve multiple other purposes to make a plant's life worth living. This is true especially ...
Advancements in Algal Biofuels Research - Recent Evaluation of Algal Biomass Production and Conversion Methods of into Fuels and High Value Co-products
(2017)
Algae biomass has enormous potential to produce fuels and value-added products. Algae-derived biofuels and bioproducts offer great promise in contributing to U.S. energy security and in mitigating the environmental concerns ...
Advances in Aspergillus fumigatus pathobiology
(2016)
Aspergillus fumigatus is a human fungal pathogen that causes invasive aspergillosis (IA), a major infectious cause of death in the expanding population of immunocompromised individuals such as cancer patients and transplant ...
Advances in Ascochyta Research
(2018)
Legume crops provide an excellent source of high quality plant protein and have a key role in arable crop rotations reducing the need for fertilizer application and acting as break-crops. However, these crops are affected ...
(Pushing) the Limits of Neuroplasticity Induced by Adult Language Acquisition
(2018)
Most adults attempt to learn a second or even third language at some point in their life. Since language exposure is one of the most intense cognitive training regimes one can encounter, it is not surprising that previous ...