What is good pedagogy—in kindergarten, in school, and in higher education? And what direction has educational research taken since the turn of the millennium? This book shines a spotlight on the ideas and mission of pedagogy across different arenas. It discusses changes and challenges in the field and presents new approaches to pedagogy as a professional discipline, a field of study, and a research discipline. The book’s point of departure is the criticism of “established pedagogy” at the University of Oslo in the 1970s. The first alternative pedagogy program opened in 1971 at Lillehammer University College, and other alternatives followed. For the 50th anniversary, we have invited a group of authors to critically discuss developments and new approaches in contemporary pedagogy. The book consists of 17 chapters ranging from early childhood education to higher education and research. It is aimed at students and researchers in teacher education and pedagogy, and it offers contributions to the broader political and professional debate on kindergarten, education, and childhood.