This monograph presents a complete translation and study of a collection of Greek scholia on one literary work: Aeschylus’ Persians’. The commentaries were written over many centuries and are a very important source of information on many aspects of ancient culture. The scholia are a rich source of knowledge useful to researchers in various fields, such as linguistics, history, sociology, and theater studies. Despite this, the scholia are only available to classical philologists and are generally known only in fragments. Scholars rarely refer to the texts of ancient commentaries due to the existence of only a few translations into modern languages and the difficulty of reading them. The monograph discusses scholia as a critical literary genre and it analyzes formal and thematic groups that can be distinguished from the Medicea collection on Persians. The work also covers issues related to the codicology of the manuscript in which the scholia Medicea were written. The monograph also includes an extensive historical and literary introduction covering the history of textual criticism and transmission of the text from the invention of writing to the invention of printing.